A survey of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 23 countries in 2022 – Nature.com
Watson, O. J. et al. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1293–1302 (2022).
Meslé, M. M. I. et al. Estimated number of deaths directly averted in people 60 years and older as a result of COVID-19 vaccination in the WHO European Region, December 2020 to November 2021. Euro Surveill. 26, 2101021 (2021).
Larson, H. J., Gakidou, E. & Murray, C. J. L. The vaccine-hesitant moment. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 58–65 (2022).
World Health Organization. Ten threats to global health in 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (2019).
Lazarus, J. V. et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat. Med. 27, 225–228 (2020).
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Revisiting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy around the world using data from 23 countries in 2021. Nat. Commun. 13, 3801 (2022).
Shakeel, C. S., Mujeeb, A. A., Mirza, M. S., Chaudhry, B. & Khan, S. J. Global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: a systematic review of associated social and behavioral factors. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 110 (2022).
Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A. & Stuckler, D. Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Soc. Sci. Med. 240, 112552 (2019).
Pierri, F. et al. Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal. Sci. Rep. 12, 5966 (2022).
Our World in Data. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
Hassan, M. A. K. & Aliyu, S. Delayed access to COVID-19 vaccines: a perspective on low-income countries in Africa. Int. J. Health Serv. 52, 323 (2022).
Singh, J. A. et al. WHO guidance on COVID-19 vaccine trial designs in the context of authorized COVID-19 vaccines and expanding global access: ethical considerations. Vaccine 40, 2140–2149 (2022).
Levin, E. G. et al. Waning immune humoral response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine over 6 months. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, e84 (2021).
Chenchula, S., Karunakaran, P., Sharma, S. & Chavan, M. Current evidence on efficacy of COVID-19 booster dose vaccination against the Omicron variant: a systematic review. J. Med. Virol. 94, 2969–2976 (2022).
MacDonald, N. E. & SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine 33, 4161–4164 (2015).
Schmid, P., Rauber, D., Betsch, C., Lidolt, G. & Denker, M. L. Barriers of influenza vaccination intention and behavior—a systematic review of influenza vaccine hesitancy, 2005–2016. PLoS ONE 12, e0170550 (2017).
Nguyen, K. H. et al. Who has not been vaccinated, fully vaccinated, or boosted for COVID-19. Am. J. Infect. Control 50, 1185–1189 (2022).
Zhang, Y., Banga Ndzouboukou, J. L., Gan, M., Lin, X. & Fan, X. Immune evasive effects of SARS-CoV-2 variants to COVID-19 emergency used vaccines. Front. Immunol. 12, 4842 (2021).
Wang, C. Y. et al. A multitope SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provides long-lasting B cell and T cell immunity against Delta and Omicron variants. J. Clin. Invest. 132, e157707 (2022).
Petherick, A. et al. A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 1145–1160 (2021).
Levin-Zamir, D. Communication, health literacy and a systems approach for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: the case for massive vaccine roll-out in Israel. J. Health Commun. 25, 816–818 (2020).
Choukou, M. A. et al. COVID-19 infodemic and digital health literacy in vulnerable populations: a scoping review. Digit. Health 8, 20552076221076927 (2022).
Schwarzinger, M., Watson, V., Arwidson, P., Alla, F. & Luchini, S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a representative working-age population in France: a survey experiment based on vaccine characteristics. Lancet Public Health 6, e210–e221 (2021).
National Institutes of Health. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/ (National Institutes of Health, 2022).
Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Pieri, M. & Bernardini, S. The COVID-19 pandemic: viral variants and vaccine efficacy. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 59, 66–75 (2022).
The World Bank. Population, total—Brazil, Canada, China, Ecuador, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Italy, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Russian Federation, South Africa, Korea, Rep., Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Turkiye, United Kingdom, United States. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BR-CA-CN-EC-FR-DE-GH-IN-IT-KE-MX-NG-PE-PL-RU-ZA-KR-SG-ES-SE-TR-GB-US (2022).
Lounis, M., Bencherit, D., Rais, M. A. & Riad, A. COVID-19 vaccine booster hesitancy (VBH) and its drivers in Algeria: national cross-sectional survey-based study. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 621 (2022).
Machida, M. et al. Individual-level social capital and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Japan: a cross-sectional study. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 18, 2086773 (2022).
Batra, K., Sharma, M., Dai, C. L. & Khubchandani, J. COVID-19 booster vaccination hesitancy in the United States: a multi-theory-model (MTM)-based national assessment. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 758 (2022).
Wong, L. P. et al. Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and associated factors in Malaysia. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2078634 (2022).
Yadete, T. et al. Assessing acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine booster dose among adult Americans: a cross-sectional study. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 1424 (2021).
Wang, R. et al. The association between social media use and hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccine booster shots in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 18, 2065167 (2022).
Al-Qerem, W., Al Bawab, A. Q., Hammad, A., Ling, J. & Alasmari, F. Willingness of the Jordanian population to receive a COVID-19 booster dose: a cross-sectional study. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 410 (2022).
Trent, M., Seale, H., Chughtai, A. A., Salmon, D. & MacIntyre, C. R. Trust in government, intention to vaccinate and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a comparative survey of five large cities in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Vaccine 40, 2498–2505 (2022).
Caserotti, M. et al. Associations of COVID-19 risk perception with vaccine hesitancy over time for Italian residents. Soc. Sci. Med. 272, 113688 (2021).
Huang, Z., Su, Y., Zhang, T. & Xia, N. A review of the safety and efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines. Front. Med. 16, 39 (2022).
Rzymski, P., Poniedziałek, B. & Fal, A. Willingness to receive the booster COVID-19 vaccine dose in Poland. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 1286 (2021).
Chen, F., He, Y. & Shi, Y. Parents’ and guardians’ willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 10, 179 (2022).
Pan, F. et al. Parents’ decisions to vaccinate children against COVID-19: a scoping review. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 1476 (2021).
UNDP Data Futures Platform. Global Dashboard for Vaccine Equity. https://data.undp.org/vaccine-equity/ (2022).
World Health Organization. Pandemic fatigue: reinvigorating the public to prevent COVID-19: policy framework for supporting pandemic prevention and management: revised version November 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337574 (2020).
US Food and Drug Administration. Why you should not use ivermectin to treat or prevent COVID-19. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/why-you-should-not-use-ivermectin-treat-or-prevent-covid-19 (2022).
Bryant, A. et al. Ivermectin for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis to inform clinical guidelines. Am. J. Ther. 28, e434–e460 (2021).
Mello, M. M. et al. Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA. Lancet 400, 535–538 (2022).
Oliu-Barton, M. et al. The effect of COVID certificates on vaccine uptake, health outcomes, and the economy. Nat. Commun. 13, 3942 (2022).
Bardosh, K. et al. The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good. BMJ Glob. Health 7, e008684 (2022).
Hudson, A. & Montelpare, W. J. Predictors of vaccine hesitancy: implications for COVID-19 public health messaging. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 8054 (2021).
Skafle, I., Nordahl-Hansen, A., Quintana, D. S., Wynn, R. & Gabarron, E. Misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines on social media: rapid review. J. Med. Internet Res. 24, e37367 (2022).
Singh, K. et al. Misinformation, believability, and vaccine acceptance over 40 countries: takeaways from the initial phase of the COVID-19 infodemic. PLoS ONE 17, e0263381 (2022).
Loomba, S., de Figueiredo, A., Piatek, S. J., de Graaf, K. & Larson, H. J. Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 337–348 (2021).
Tan, C. M., Owuamalam, C. K. & Sarma, V. Improving vaccination intent among skeptics through confidence in governments’ handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Psychol. (Amst.) 225, 103556 (2022).
Evans, W. D. & French, J. Demand creation for COVID-19 vaccination: overcoming vaccine hesitancy through social marketing. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 319 (2021).
Su, Z. et al. Young adults’ preferences for influenza vaccination campaign messages: implications for COVID-19 vaccine intervention design and development. Brain Behav. Immun. Health 14, 100261 (2021).
Abrams, E. M., Singer, A. G., Greenhawt, M., Stukus, D. & Shaker, M. Ten tips for improving your clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 33, 260 (2021).
Argote, P. et al. The shot, the message, and the messenger: COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Latin America. NPJ Vaccines 6, 118 (2021).
Lin, C. et al. Healthcare providers’ vaccine perceptions, hesitancy, and recommendation to patients: a systematic review. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 713 (2021).
Ronzani, P., Panizza, F., Martini, C., Savadori, L. & Motterlini, M. Countering vaccine hesitancy through medical expert endorsement. Vaccine 40, 4635–4643 (2022).
Jarrett, C. et al. Strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy—a systematic review. Vaccine 33, 4180–4190 (2015).
Bokemper, S. E., Huber, G. A., James, E. K., Gerber, A. S. & Omer, S. B. Testing persuasive messaging to encourage COVID-19 risk reduction. PLoS ONE 17, e0264782 (2022).
Fullerton, M. M. et al. Challenges and recommendations for COVID-19 public health messaging: a Canada-wide qualitative study using virtual focus groups. BMJ Open 12, e054635 (2022).
Calleja, N. et al. A public health research agenda for managing infodemics: methods and results of the first WHO Infodemiology Conference. JMIR Infodemiology 1, e30979 (2021).
World Health Organization. Understanding the behavioural and social drivers of vaccine uptake. Weekly Epidemiological Record 97, 209–224 (2022).
United States Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-Year Data (2009–2020). https://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/acs-5year.html (2022).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Population data. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDU_DEM (2022).
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Demographic and Socio-economic Data. http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Population estimates. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates
Statistics Sweden. Population statistics. https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/population/population-composition/population-statistics/
World Bank. World Bank Data: population, total. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
US Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/ (2021).
Lazarus, J. V et al. Keeping governments accountable: the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard (COVID-SCORE). Nat. Med. 26, 1005–1008 (2020).
Lazarus, J. V., Romero, D. & Kopka, C. A multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat. Nature 611, 332–345 (2022).
Goldenberg, M. J. Vaccine Hesitancy: Public Trust, Expertise, and the War on Science (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021).
Dubé, E. et al. Vaccine hesitancy: an overview. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 9, 1763–1773 (2013).
Peretti-Watel, P., Larson, H. J., Ward, J. K., Schulz, W. S. & Verger, P. Vaccine hesitancy: clarifying a theoretical framework for an ambiguous notion. PLoS Curr. 7, ecurrents.outbreaks.6844c80ff9f5b273f34c91f71b7fc289 (2015).
