The Perfect Enemy | A global overview of healthcare workers’ turnover intention amid COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review with future directions
July 15, 2025
A global overview of healthcare workers’ turnover intention amid COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review with future directions
A global overview of healthcare workers’ turnover intention amid COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review with future directions
  • World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 dashboard. 2022. https://covid19.who.int/.

  • Armocida B, Formenti B, Ussai S, Palestra F, Missoni E. The Italian health system and the COVID-19 challenge. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(5): e253.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson AJ, Stasa H, Roche MA, Homer CSE, Duffield C. Nursing churn and turnover in Australian hospitals: nurses perceptions and suggestions for supportive strategies. BMC Nurs. 2014;13(1):11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes LJ, O’Brien-Pallas L, Duffield C, Shamian J, Buchan J, Hughes F, et al. Nurse turnover: a literature review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43(2):237–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Employment Situation—October 2020. 2020 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/economicdata/empsit_11062020.pdf.

  • Galvin G. Nearly 1 in 5 Health care workers have quit their jobs during the pandemic. Morning Consult [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. https://morningconsult.com/2021/10/04/health-care-workers-series-part-2-workforce/.

  • Tan C. More healthcare workers in S’pore quit amid growing fatigue as Covid-19 drags on. The Straits Times[Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 3]. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/more-healthcare-workers-inspore-resigning-amid-growing-fatigue-as-covid-19-drags.

  • Liang Y-W, Chen W-Y, Lee J-L, Huang L-C. Nurse staffing, direct nursing care hours and patient mortality in Taiwan: the longitudinal analysis of hospital nurse staffing and patient outcome study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12(1):44.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cho E, Lee N-J, Kim E-Y, Kim S, Lee K, Park K-O, et al. Nurse staffing level and overtime associated with patient safety, quality of care, and care left undone in hospitals: a cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;60:263–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery A, Todorova I, Baban A, Panagopoulou E. Improving quality and safety in the hospital: the link between organizational culture, burnout, and quality of care. Br J Health Psychol. 2013;18(3):656–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowden T, Cummings G, Profetto-McGrath J. Leadership practices and staff nurses’ intent to stay: a systematic review. J Nurs Manag. 2011;19(4):461–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daouk-Öyry L, Anouze AL, Otaki F, Dumit NY, Osman I. The JOINT model of nurse absenteeism and turnover: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51(1):93–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halter M, Boiko O, Pelone F, Beighton C, Harris R, Gale J, et al. The determinants and consequences of adult nursing staff turnover: a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):824.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lai GC, Taylor EV, Haigh MM, Thompson SC. Factors affecting the retention of indigenous australians in the health workforce: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050914.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lartey S, Cummings G, Profetto-McGrath J. Interventions that promote retention of experienced registered nurses in health care settings: a systematic review. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22(8):1027–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J. Nursing home nurses’ turnover intention: a systematic review. Nurs Open. 2022;9(1):22–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell D, Mathew S, Fitts M, Liddle Z, Murakami-Gold L, Campbell N, et al. Interventions for health workforce retention in rural and remote areas: a systematic review. Hum Resour Health. 2021;19(1):103.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shen X, Jiang H, Xu H, Ye J, Lv C, Lu Z, et al. The global prevalence of turnover intention among general practitioners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21(1):246.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz B, Yildiz H, Ayaz AO. Relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intention in nurses: a meta-analytic review. J Adv Nurs. 2021;77(8):3317–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falatah R. The impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on nurses’ turnover intention: an integrative review. Nurs Rep. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11040075.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lizarondo L, Stern C, Carrier J, Godfrey C, Rieger K, Salmond S, et al. Chapter 8: Mixed Methods Systematic Reviews. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis: JBI; 2020. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-09.

  • World Health Organization. Classification of health workforce statistics. 2010. https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf.

  • Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical Appraisal Tools. 2021. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisaltools.

  • Hong QN, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, Dagenais P, et al. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Educ Inf. 2018;34:285–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8(1):45.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abd-Ellatif EE, Anwar MM, AlJifri AA, El Dalatony MM. Fear of COVID-19 and its impact on job satisfaction and turnover intention among Egyptian physicians. Saf Health Work. 2021;12(4):490–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alameddine M, Bou-Karroum K, Ghalayini W, Abiad F. Resilience of nurses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon. Int J Nurs Sci. 2021;8(4):432–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alameddine M, Clinton M, Bou-Karroum K, Richa N, Doumit MAA. Factors associated with the resilience of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2021;18(6):320–31.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alameddine M, Bou-Karroum K, Hijazi MA. A national study on the resilience of community pharmacists in Lebanon: a cross-sectional survey. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00406-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alenazy FS, Dettrick Z, Keogh S. The relationship between practice environment, job satisfaction and intention to leave in critical care nurses. Nurs Crit Care. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12737.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mansour K. Stress and turnover intention among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia during the time of COVID-19: Can social support play a role? PLoS ONE. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blake H, Yildirim M, Wood B, Knowles S, Mancini H, Coyne E, et al. Covid-well: evaluation of the implementation of supported wellbeing centres for hospital employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cimarolli VR, Bryant NS, Falzarano F, Stone R. Job resignation in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of quality of employer communication. J Appl Gerontol. 2022;41(1):12–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole A, Ali H, Ahmed A, Hamasha M, Jordan S. Identifying patterns of turnover intention among alabama frontline nurses in hospital settings during the covid-19 pandemic. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;14:1783–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cornish S, Klim S, Kelly AM. Is COVID-19 the straw that broke the back of the emergency nursing workforce? Emerg Med Australas. 2021;33(6):1095–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De los Santos JAA, Labrague LJ. The impact of fear of COVID-19 on job stress, and turnover intentions of frontline nurses in the community: a cross-sectional study in the Philippines. Traumatology. 2021;27(1):52–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elhanafy EY, El Hessewi GS. Effect of fear of COVID-19 pandemic on work satisfaction and turnover intentions of nurses. Egypt Nurs J. 2021;18(1):39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher E, Cárdenas L, Kieffer E, Larson E. Reflections from the “Forgotten Front Line”: a qualitative study of factors affecting wellbeing among long-term care workers in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42(6):1408–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fronda DC, Labrague LJ. Turnover intention and coronaphobia among frontline nurses during the second surge of COVID-19: The mediating role of social support and coping skills. J Nurs Manag. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hou H, Pei YF, Yang YM, Lu LL, Yan WJ, Gao XY, et al. Factors associated with turnover intention among healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:4953–65.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khattak SR, Saeed I, Rehman SU, Fayaz M. Impact of fear of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of nurses in Pakistan. J Loss Trauma. 2021;26(5):421–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labrague LJ, de Los Santos JAA. Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2021;29(3):395–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labrague LJ, Santos JAA de los. Resilience as a mediator between compassion fatigue, nurses’ work outcomes, and quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Appl Nurs Res. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151476

  • Labrague LJ, De Los Santos JAA, Fronda DC. Perceived COVID-19-associated discrimination, mental health and professional-turnover intention among frontline clinical nurses: the mediating role of resilience. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2021;30(6):1674–83.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lavoie-Tremblay M, Gélinas C, Aubé T, Tchouaket E, Tremblay D, Gagnon MP, et al. Influence of caring for COVID-19 patients on nurse’s turnover, work satisfaction and quality of care. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(1):33–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotfi M, Akhuleh OZ, Judi A, Khodayari M. Turnover intention among operating room nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak and its association with perceived safety climate. Perioper Care Oper Room Manag. 2022;26: 100233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnavita N, Soave PM, Antonelli M. A one-year prospective study of work-related mental health in the intensivists of a COVID-19 hub hospital. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189888.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magnavita N, Soave PM, Antonelli M. Prolonged stress causes depression in frontline workers facing the COVID-19 pandemic-a repeated cross-sectional study in a COVID-19 Hub-Hospital in Central Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147316.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Majeed M, Irshad M, Bartels J. The interactive effect of COVID-19 risk and hospital measures on turnover intentions of healthcare workers: A time-lagged study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010705.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mercado M, Wachter K, Schuster RC, Mathis CM, Johnson E, Davis OI, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of factors associated with stress, burnout and turnover intention among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Health Soc Care Community. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzaei A, Rezakhani Moghaddam H, Habibi SA. Identifying the predictors of turnover intention based on psychosocial factors of nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak. Nurs Open. 2021;8(6):3469–76.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Naja F, Radwan H, Cheikh Ismail L, Hashim M, Rida WH, Abu Qiyas S, et al. Practices and resilience of dieticians during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey in the United Arab Emirates. Hum Resour Health. 2021;19(1):141.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nashwan AJ, Abujaber AA, Villar RC, Nazarene A, Al-Jabry MM, Fradelos EC. Comparing the impact of covid-19 on nurses’ turnover intentions before and during the pandemic in qatar. J Pers Med. 2021;11(6):787–810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogutlu H, McNicholas F, Turkcapar H. STRESS AND BURNOUT IN PSYCHIATRISTS IN TURKEY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Psychiatr Danub. 2021;33(2):225–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Özkan Şat S, Akbaş P, Yaman SŞ. Nurses’ exposure to violence and their professional commitment during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Nurs. 2021;30(13–14):2036–47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pförtner TK, Pfaff H, Hower KI. Will the demands by the covid-19 pandemic increase the intent to quit the profession of long-term care managers? A repeated cross-sectional study in Germany. J Public Health (Oxf). 2021;43(3):e431–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raso R, Fitzpatrick JJ, Masick K. Nurses’ intent to leave their position and the profession during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nurs Adm. 2021;51(10):488–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riggan KA, Reckhow J, Allyse MA, Long M, Torbenson V, Rivera-Chiauzzi EY. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Obstetricians/Gynecologists. MCP. 2021;5(6):1128–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said RM, El-Shafei DA. Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and intent to leave: nurses working on front lines during COVID-19 pandemic in Zagazig City. Egypt Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28(7):8791–801.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schug C, Geiser F, Hiebel N, Beschoner P, Jerg-Bretzke L, Albus C, et al. Sick leave and intention to quit the job among nursing staff in German hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):1947.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shah SHA, Haider A, Jindong J, Mumtaz A, Rafiq N. The impact of job stress and state anger on turnover intention among nurses during COVID-19: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Front Psychol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810378.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard KN, Runk BG, Maduro RS, Fancher M, Mayo AN, Wilmoth DD, et al. Nursing moral distress and intent to leave employment during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Nurs Care Qual. 2022;37(1):28–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sklar M, Ehrhart MG, Aarons GA. COVID-related work changes, burnout, and turnover intentions in mental health providers: a moderated mediation analysis. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2021;44(3):219–28.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Varasteh S, Esmaeili M, Mazaheri M. Factors affecting Iranian nurses’ intention to leave or stay in the profession during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Nurs Rev. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12718.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wibowo A, Paramita W. Resilience and turnover intention: the role of mindful leadership, empathetic leadership, and self-regulation. J Leadersh Organ Stud. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518211068735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood E, King R, Senek M, Robertson S, Taylor B, Tod A, et al. UK advanced practice nurses’ experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044139.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yáñez JA, Afshar Jahanshahi A, Alvarez-Risco A, Li J, Zhang SX. Anxiety, distress, and turnover intention of healthcare workers in Peru by their distance to the epicenter during the COVID-19 crisis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(4):1614–20.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Wang P, Kelifa MO, Wang B, Liu M, Lu L, et al. J Nurs Manag. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13325.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bothma CFC, Roodt G. The validation of the turnover intention scale. SA J Hum Resour Manag. 2013;11:1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich H, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Protecting our healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(7):1527–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang CJ, Lin YP, Chan EY. “From Expert to Novice”, perceptions of general ward nurses on deployment to outbreak intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative descriptive study. J Clin Nurs. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16029.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rajamani A, Subramaniam A, Shekar K, Haji J, Luo J, Bihari S, et al. Personal protective equipment preparedness in Asia-Pacific intensive care units during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a multinational survey. Aust Crit Care. 2021;34(2):135–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cawcutt KA, Starlin R, Rupp ME. Fighting fear in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(10):1192–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teo I, Chay J, Cheung YB, Sung SC, Tewani KG, Yeo LF, et al. Healthcare worker stress, anxiety and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore: a 6-month multi-centre prospective study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(10): e0258866.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogendoorn ME, Brinkman S, Bosman RJ, Haringman J, de Keizer NF, Spijkstra JJ. The impact of COVID-19 on nursing workload and planning of nursing staff on the Intensive Care: a prospective descriptive multicenter study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021;121: 104005.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YP, Chan LYC, Chan EY. Tenacious team, precarious patient: a phenomenological inquiry into interprofessional collaboration during ICU resuscitations. J Adv Nurs. 2022;78(3):847–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YP, Tang CJ, Tamin VA, Tan LYC, Chan EY. The hand-brain-heart connection: ICU nurses’ experience of managing patient safety during COVID-19. Nurs Crit Care. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12710.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young M. Pandemic stress, burnout contribute to nursing pipeline shortage. Relias Media. 2021. https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/148193-pandemic-stress-burnout-contribute-to-nursingpipeline-shortage.

  • Akgün KM, Collett D, Feder SL, Shamas T, Schulman-Green D. Sustaining frontline ICU healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Heart Lung. 2020;49(4):346–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Howell BAM. Battling burnout at the frontlines of health care amid COVID-19. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2021;32(2):195–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santarone K, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(7):1530–1.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magner C, Greenberg N, Timmins F, O’Doherty V, Lyons B. The psychological impact of COVID-19 on frontline healthcare workers “From Heartbreak to Hope.” J Clin Nurs. 2021;30(13/14):e53–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagcchi S. Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(7):782.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Le AB. The health impacts of COVID-19-related racial discrimination of Asian Americans extend into the workplace. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(4):e17–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rieckert A, Schuit E, Bleijenberg N, Ten Cate D, de Lange W, de Man-van Ginkel JM, et al. How can we build and maintain the resilience of our health care professionals during COVID-19? Recommendations based on a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1): e043718.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton M, Murray E, Christian MD. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020;9(3):241–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Z, Wang X, Bi H, Li Y, Yue S, Gu S, et al. Factors that influence perceived organizational support for emotional labor of chinese medical personnel in Hubei. Front Psychol. 2021;12: 684830.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bullington G. RN perception of resources, communication, and leadership during covid-19 and the impact on RN satisfaction and turnover in a multi-hospital system. DNP Scholarly Projects. 2021;56. https://repository.belmont.edu/dnpscholarlyprojects/56.

  • Nafar H, Tahmazi Aghdam E, Derakhshani N, Saniee N, Sharifian S, Goharinezhad S. A systematic mapping review of factors associated with willingness to work under emergency condition. Hum Resour Health. 2021;19(1):76.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Challinor JM, Alqudimat MR, Teixeira TOA, Oldenmenger WH. Oncology nursing workforce: challenges, solutions, and future strategies. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1077–4114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delaney RK, Locke A, Pershing ML, Geist C, Clouse E, Precourt Debbink M, et al. Experiences of a health system’s faculty, staff, and trainees’ career development, work culture, and childcare needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4): e213997.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bellotti L, Zaniboni S, Balducci C, Grote G. Rapid review on COVID-19, work-related aspects, and age differences. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105166.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feng L, Yin R. Social support and hope mediate the relationship between gratitude and depression among front-line medical staff during the pandemic of COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2021;12: 623873.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Llop-Gironés A, Vračar A, Llop-Gironés G, Benach J, Angeli-Silva L, Jaimez L, et al. Employment and working conditions of nurses: where and how health inequalities have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic? Hum Resour Health. 2021;19(1):112.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brugha R. Doctor Retention in a COVID-World: an opportunity to reconfigure the health workforce, or “Plus ça change plus c’est la meme chose”? A response to the recent commentaries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2022;11(6):865–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar